Archival Spaces

390: United States Information Agency

Archival Spaces 390

My Short Government Career

Uploaded 9 January 2026

**Entrance, “Filmmaking in America,” Opening 3 April 1988**

In the Fall of 1987, I received a call from David Paul, a producer at the United States Information Agency, asking if I could compile for them a list of German Academy Award winners. No problem. He followed up with a letter a month later, inviting me to work in East Berlin on a USIA exhibit. Founded in 1953 at the height of the Cold War, USIA was the propaganda arm of the American government. The Agency’s mission, in its own words, was “to understand, inform and influence foreign publics in promotion of the national interest, and to broaden the dialogue between Americans and U.S. institutions, and their counterparts abroad.” Little did I know that my short career at USIA would see the last gasp of Communism in Eastern Europe.

Given the agency’s anti-Communist legacy, I was not keen on working for USIA, but Mr. Paul noted that German Democratic Republic film officials acknowledged “the expertise of Dr. Horak and are in complete agreement” to invite him to East Berlin as a film specialist for a USIA exhibit, “Filmmaking in America.” I felt I couldn’t turn down the Germans, given my long-standing relationship with the film archives of the GDR. I never found out who supported me in East Berlin, but I suspect it was Wolfgang Klaue, the head of the Staatliches Filmarchiv der DDR, to whom I spoke regularly at FIAF conferences. David Paul wanted me to train docents for the exhibit. Furthermore, I was to act as a master of ceremonies for the opening, give lectures, and meet with local film industry people, including a visit to the East Berlin film archives..

**Radio Tower, Alexander Place, former East Berlin**

**Ambassador Meehan (right)**, **David Paul, JC Horak** **(top center), Erwin Geschoneck (just below left)**

After receiving a U.S. government security clearance, I arrived in East Berlin on 31 March, billeted at the Hotel Metropol, a premier “Interhotel” for Western foreigners. The exhibit itself was housed on the ground floor of the East Berlin radio tower on Alexander Square. It was a massive 8,000-square-foot exhibit, consisting of prefabricated panels for easy transportation, with reproductions of photographs, film clips on monitors, and audio recordings that related the history of Hollywood. My contribution specific to the German iteration was the “Hall of Fame,” consisting of photos of prominent Hollywood film people born in Germany. The docents were all American students studying in Berlin who spoke German. After a couple of days of training, we were ready for the gala opening, which was attended by several very high functionaries of the ruling Socialist Unity Party, American Ambassador Francis J. Meehan, and the “state actor” Erwin Geschonneck (Jacob the Liar). But the real surprise was the next morning at the public opening, when literally thousands of East Berliners stood in line around the radio tower, waiting to see this first American exhibit ever in East Germany. The first seven days of the exhibit saw an incredible 30,000 visitors, and eventually brought in 126,000 visitors in 22 days, making it the USIA’s most successful site for that exhibit. And while it was reviewed in Neues Deutschland, the official organ of the Socialist Unity Party, the success was due to word-of-mouth, since it had not been supported in State media, which usually ignored or suppressed news from the West.

**Invitation to Ambassador’s film premiere**

**Boy at the Berlin Wall. 1961/62. (Photo by Imagno/Getty Images)**

Living in East Berlin, without ever going to West Berlin (except for one late night of bar hopping with my docents) was a strange experience. I had spent time in West Berlin for research or at the Berlinale Film Festival, but usually only visited East Berlin briefly to buy books or go to the film library, and never stayed overnight. As an American, I was able to procure a 24-hour visa easily at “Checkpoint Charlie.” On this trip, I had plenty of time to explore other parts of East Berlin, even travelling to the outskirts at Lake Müggel, where I interviewed Rudolf Hirsch, an anti-Nazi writer who, after spending years underground in Nazi Germany and the war years in Palestine, moved to East Berlin in 1949. I gave two lectures at the GDR film school “Konrad Wolf” in Potsdam and the Humboldt University in East Berlin, my topic: German Jewish film émigrés in Hollywood. On the drive to Potsdam, which required an hour-long detour around West Berlin, often driving along ‘the Wall,’ Mr Klaue told me “citizens of the GDR no longer see the Wall,” which surprised me, given how far we had to drive to get around it. The Wall would, in fact, come down 18 months later and along with it the Communist government.

**Meeting with Krátký Film**, **Right**: **M. Schirn, Rachel Reichman, Tanya Weinberger**

Then, in January 1989, I received a call from David Paul, asking me whether I would organise a seminar in Prague, in connection with the Czech version of “Filmmaking in America.” While the docent training was handled by a colleague, the Czechs stated that the “history and beginnings of the U.S. film industry were quite well-known and therefore suggested an emphasis on contemporary developments,” including a seminar on animation and new independent cinema. My mission was to organise the seminar and visit Czech institutions related to film production. I invited three filmmakers and one critic: Leslie Lee, African-American scriptwriter; Rachel Reichman, independent woman filmmaker; Tanya Weinberger, independent animator; and Don Crafton, film academic and author of an important history of animation. We arrived on Sunday in May, Monday, we had all-day briefings with the American Embassy and our host, Krátký Film. The next day, we staged our seminar, Rachel and Leslie making presentations about their work in American independent cinema, followed by a discussion, where I asked most of the questions, while the audience politely listened. I learned privately that not only had the State-owned Krátký Film done almost no advanced publicity, inviting only selected individuals, but that they were extremely nervous about the topics which might come up. The exhibit itself had been hidden away in an exhibition hall in Letna Park, north of the Moldau.

**Don Crafton, Leslie Lee, Rachel Reichman, Tanya Weinberger on Charles Bridge, Prague**

**Filmová a televizní fakulta Akademie múzických umění** **(FAMU), Film School, Pague**

The second day, dedicated to animation, proceeded much more smoothly, animation being less politically charged. Tanya discussed her computer-generated animated films, which the Czech audience of animators ogled in awe, as if suddenly having a window into the future, given that computer culture in Prague was still in the dark ages. Don’s lecture on the history of American animation, with numerous examples, was received with a different kind of interest because the Czechs had probably never seen them. Over the next few days, we met with a host of other Czech film industry types, having candid discussions and less productive propaganda sessions, sometimes even perceiving schisms in the Czech ranks, with younger hosts openly sympathetic. The Apparatchiks had reason to worry; in less than six months, the Stalinist government would fall.

**Entrance, Filmmaking in America, Katowice, Poland**

A little more than a year later, my wife and I were in Madrid on vacation when David Paul tracked me down again. His “Filmmaking in America” docent trainer had to cancel days before the Polish iteration opened in Katowice. After getting permission from the George Eastman Museum, I flew to Kraków in June 1990, where a day later, I began training local Polish students. The opening and subsequent interviews with the press went well. The Communists had relinquished power only months earlier, so Poland was a bit like the Wild West, a country in political limbo. Prostitutes formed a gauntlet in my hotel lobby, drugs were easily obtainable. I did have a chauffeur and a car at my disposal. I asked him to drive me to Auschwitz, but that is another story. With the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, the USIA’s days were also numbered.

**Jan-Christopher Horak in Katowice at entrance to exhibt**

389: Saul Bass & Oscar

Archival Spaces 389:

Saul Bass wins an Academy Award

Uploaded 26 December 2025

***Why Man Creates,*** **Saul Bass, 1968**

Ten years ago, in 2015, I published Saul Bass: Anatomy of Film Design, a University of Kentucky Press book, a French edition arriving seven years later. Not many people know that George Lucas worked for Saul and accompanied him to the 41st Academy Awards, where Bass won for Why Man Creates. Behind the scenes, there was turmoil.

**Dorothy Chandler Pavilion**. Photo by Bud Gray – © 1978 Bud Gray – Image courtesy mptvimages.com

The Forty-First Academy Awards ceremony took place on 14 April 1969 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, on what used to be Bunker Hill in downtown Los Angeles. It was the first Oscar ceremony to be broadcast worldwide and the first held at that location. As usual, it was a star-studded affair. Katharine Hepburn was nominated as best actress for the second year in a row, this time for The Lion in Winter, an award she would have to share with Barbra Streisand for Funny Girl—the only time there has been a tie in this category. Saul and Elaine Bass, too, were present at the awards ceremony, the designer nominated in the “best documentary short” category for Why Man Creates (1968). The couple rode to the Chandler in a rented limousine together with USC graduate student and Bass advisee George Lucas, who had been an assistant on the production. Lucas would never work for or with Bass again, but he gave strong public support to Quest (1983, Saul Bass). Bass’s competitors for the Academy Award were The House that Amanda Built (Fali Bilimoria), The Revolving Door (Lee R. Bobker), A Space to Grow (Thomas P. Kelly Jr.), and A Way out of the Wilderness (Dan E. Weisburd). Given his longtime work in the film industry, Bass was heavily favored to win.

**Saul Bass and Tony Curtis at the Academy Awards (frame from television footage of the event. Courtesy Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences.**

**Offical Academy portrait w/ Oscar. Courtesy AMPAS.**

At the ceremony, Bass sat in an aisle seat at stage left, ten rows from the podium; Elaine was next to him in a light-colored chiffon dress. Actors Diahann Carroll and Tony Curtis read out the names of the nominees for best documentary and best short documentary, respectively. When Tony Curtis called out Bass’s name as the winner, he bounced up to the stage, despite the wooden cane that preceded his every step. Curtis handed the Oscar to Bass, who was wearing a traditional tuxedo, in contrast to Curtis’s mod outfit. Bass took the Oscar in his right hand while balancing his weight with his left hand on the cane. He bent over the microphone and, in an uncharacteristic moment of brevity, said, “Thank you, thank you very much.” Then he quickly walked offstage. No thanks to his staff, no thanks to his wife, certainly a co-creator, no thanks to the Academy. More importantly, Bass failed to mention Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, the film’s sponsor and original producer, causing a mini-scandal to erupt at corporate headquarters. Did Bass just forget, due to nerves or under pressure, to keep his acceptance speech short? Or was it something else? We will probably never know. The oversight may not have been accidental, however, given the huge fights with Kaiser over the film’s final structure, laboratory costs, and even the title. Bass hated the title because he thought it promised more than he could deliver.

In hindsight, it’s clear that Bass deserved to win for what would be his greatest cinematic achievement, although his largely avant-garde work certainly challenged the Academy’s notions of genre. Indeed, the category “Best Documentary, Short Subjects” hardly describes Bass’s free-form essay, a hodgepodge of film notes that asks many more questions than it answers. And what makes it a documentary? The film includes several forms of animation and mostly staged sequences. Indeed, it is a modernist romp, at moments seemingly incoherent and yet also brilliant in its open-endedness; its fragmentation forces the viewer to engage in the construction of meaning, thus fulfilling the promise of every modernist work to make the audience an active participant. In addition to the Academy Award, Why Man Creates won numerous film festival and other awards, and was placed on the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2002, designating it a national treasure.

But the somewhat tortured production history of the film also points out the pitfalls of having a corporate sponsor for such a personal and highly idiosyncratic project. In Bass’s most cynical evaluation of the film, he admitted to a group of AT&T executives: “I think now that the most creative thing about the film was that I found a rationalization that enabled me to convince the client, to allow me to make the film.” Even if the film was not a direct advertisement for Kaiser, the company covered all the production costs, while corporate executives and Bass often had vastly different ideas about what kind of film they were financing. Bass never wanted to answer the question the title asks; it was antithetical to his work methods, but the sponsors were looking for easy answers that could be sold in the education market. The designer usually argued that because sponsored films didn’t have to sell anything, they were preferable to commercials or industrial film productions, where the filmmaker was at the mercy of the client. But Bass wanted to have it both ways: complete freedom to produce artistic work, and complete financing by a corporate sponsor that would pay all the bills, including a substantial honorarium to support Bass’s office. Unlike most other avant-garde filmmakers, Bass was not willing to self-finance or to take on contract work to pay for his own personal films. After all, Bass had grown up in the Hollywood film industry, where no one invested their own money. Paradoxically, despite the insider status that an Academy Award seemingly represented, Bass remained an outsider in the movie industry.

388: Riefenstahl

Archival Spaces 388:

Riefenstahl (2024) – The Movie

Uploaded 12 December 2025

The penultimate scene in Andres Veiel’s new documentary, Riefenstahl (2024), which opened recently in Los Angeles, shows footage that producer Sandra Maischberger possibly shot in ca. 2002, when Leni Riefenstahl was over 100 years old. In close-up, the Nazi diva frets fussily in front of a mirror, complains to the cameraman about the lighting, wearing enough make-up to look like a way-over-the-hill Kurfurstendam whore. The scene is a metaphor for Riefenstahl’s whole life, a life spent polishing her image, brow-beating journalists into submission, denying she was only an artist, not a propagandist, and certainly not complicit in the Holocaust, despite substantial evidence to the contrary. I wrote about my own encounters with la Riefenstahl in Archival Spaces 352 (https://archivalspaces.com/2024/07/26/352-riefenstahl/), so I was anxious to see the new film, as well as meet the filmmakers Andres Veiel and Sandra Maischberger, who answered questions at the Thomas Mann House in Malibu on 12 September, and again after a screening the same evening at the Laemmle Royale.

**Sandra Maischberger and Andres Veiel**

As the pair explained, there have been several documentaries about Riefenstahl, most famously Ray Müller’s The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl (1993), but after the death of Horst Kettner in 2016, the secretary-husband of Leni, the estate papers promised to reveal new information. In fact, there are some surprising new details, although, as both admit, Leni worked very hard “to curate” the papers and surviving film footage, and apparently also spent weeks in late Spring 1945 burning evidence of her Nazi past. From the drafts of her highly sanitized memoirs, we learn that she had been abused by her authoritarian father, who threw her into a lake to let her sink or swim, and was sexually and violently abused by her relatively short-lived husband, Peter Jacob (1944-46). Riefenstahl also claimed that Joseph Goebbels and a 1930s German tennis star attempted to rape her. Unmentioned, but repeatedly stated in her memoirs, is the allegation that Henry Sokal, her Jewish producer, tried for years to get into her pants; passages that reek of anti-Semitism.

That experience of sexual violence in her childhood and adulthood may be the key to her fascination with Hitler, since, like most Nazis, she firmly believed that what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger; she apparently also had an abhorrence of any physical or mental weakness. When her Olympia cameraman, Willy Zielke, had a nervous breakdown in 1937, Riefenstahl supposedly had him committed to a psychiatric clinic where he was forcibly sterilised, in keeping with Nazi euthanasia and sterilisation policies for “all unworthy life.”

**Willy Zielke (left), Riefenstahl during *Triumph of the Will* (1935)**

One of the most important aspects of Riefenstahl is that it makes clear that the actor-director never really relinquished her Nazi ideology. Like tens of thousands of ordinary Germans who participated willingly in the Third Reich and its policies of genocide, she just screamed her innocence over and over after the war to anyone who would listen. After one controversial TV appearance in November 1976, which included a woman who had resisted the Nazis, she received hundreds of phone calls and letters from ordinary Germans expressing their support for her, many revealing their own overt racism by attacking the “Jewish” press of Springer et al. She remained friends with Albert Speer and other Nazis to the end. Horst Kettner, who filmed Leni obsessively until literally the moment of her death, shot footage of Riefenstahl “directing “ Nuba children in the 1960s by beating them with sticks, always the Aryan superwoman, the white colonialist, despite her expressed love for black bodies. In that sense, she was a prototypical fascist, not unlike many Germans (and Americans) who today support anti-immigrant ideologies and yearn for dictatorship. Despite her protests to the contrary, she was always close to Hitler and never gave up that love, even after she should have known better. Maischberger theorises that the reason Jody Foster’s Riefenstahl film never came to fruition was that there was no “third act.” Riefenstahl remained the same after 1945, no repentance, no acknowledgement of guilt, no cathartic realisation of her flaws.

Apart from the hundreds of photographic portraits of Leni, documenting he overt narcissism, and the many interviews where she is constantly denying EVERYTHING, the filmmakers subtly contradict her with images: In one interview, she states that there is absolutely no anti-Semitism expressed in Triumph of the Will, followed by a clip from the film of Julius Streicher claiming the Jewish race must perish. Leni claims she never abused any Jews or Roma/Sinti, then we see photos of her in Konskie, Poland, looking in horror as Jews are gunned down before her eyes, possibly at her unwitting instigation, according to a Wehrmacht officer. She also claimed she met her Roma and Sinti extras from Tiefland after the war, when in fact almost all died in Auschwitz. This is a hard film to watch, but also a necessary film, given the fact that so many Americans are falling prey to anti-democratic sentiments.

**Frau Elfriede Kretschmer, Riefenstahl at a November 1976 German Talk Show**

387: Nazi Film History II

Archival Spaces 387:

Otto Krieg’s German Film in the Mirror of the Ufa

Uploaded 28 November 2025

*The Congress Dances* (1931, Erik Charell) Ufa Production shot

By 1943, the Ufa was not only the largest German film company, as it had been in the Weimar Republic, but the only German film company, nationalized and under direct control of Joseph Goebbels’ Nazi Propaganda Ministry. In celebration of the 25^th anniversary of the founding of the Universum Film A.G., Goebbels’ Ministry published two histories of the company: Otto Kriegk’s Der deutsche Film im Spiegel der Ufa / German Film in the Mirror of the Ufa and Hans Traub’s Die UFA – Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Filmschaffens /UFA – A Contribution to the History of German Cinema Art. The latter is – despite its title – a large format (9” x 13’) volume that focuses solely on the economic and structural history of the film industry, with 80 pages of illustrations of cinemas, studios, and cameras, written by a film scholar. Part Jewish, Hans Traub avoids anti-Semitism by eschewing any mention of Jews at all, even omitting the forced removal of Jews from the industry in 1933. Kriegk’s film history, on the other hand, is an openly anti-Semitic work by a journalist long allied with the white Nationalist Right, that blames the (unnamed) Jewish film pioneers for the degeneration of German cinema, at least until it is rescued by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi movement.

Kriegk’s radical anti-democratic and anti-Semitic credentials were impeccable. Born in a small town in Lower Saxony in 1892, Kriegk earned a PhD. in 1914 in economics at the University of Göttingen with a dissertation on beer production, then became a political editor at a rightwing newspaper in Bremen; during WWI he was kept out of military service, due to blindness in one eye. In 1922, he joined Alfred Hugenberg’s radical nationalist press empire, becoming a close associate of Hugenberg’s, writing an official biography, and working as press chief for Gen. Paul von Hindenberg’s successful presidential campaign in 1925, the first step in the upending of German democracy. As co-editor of Der Deutschen-Spiegel, Kriegk advocated that the radical Right take the presidency and weaken democracy from within, rather than through (unsuccessful) putsches, like Kapp and Hitler’s Beerhall. Over the next twelve years, he published numerous right-wing political tracts, railing against Jewish domination in international relations and attacking in particular the Locarno Peace Treaty (1925), while continuing his journalistic work for Hugenberg’s Scherl newspaper chain. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and soon became Goebbels’ favorite journalist. In 1944, he was one of only two journalists allowed to attend the Volksgerichtshof trial of the 20 July conspiracy against Hitler, then writing the official Nazi press release about the failed assassination plot.

Kriegk’s book, which carries the subtitle “25 Years of Struggle and Achievement,” begins with full-page portraits of a Nazi rogues gallery, including Fritz Hippler, the director of The Eternal Jew (1940), and the late Emil Georg von Stauß, the founder with Gen. Ludendorff of the Ufa in 1917. The narrative begins with a personal romanticized narrative of discovering Henny Porten, Asta Nielsen, and Paul Wegener in the cinema, then relates the founding of Ufa by the German High Command in 1917, before going on the attack against “the Jews from the garment district” (p. 81), producing pornographic films, after the end of censorship in November 1918. When censorship was reestablished in May 1920, “the Jews who had made their money with cinematic bordellos, withdrew into their basement hovels.” (p. 82) Kriegk reduces the postwar Weimar era to Hollywood’s attempts to destroy German cinema independence, mentioning successful imports to America, Madame Dubarry (1919) and Dr. Caligari (sic)(1920), without naming their Jewish film directors. Then comes Metropolis: “The attempt to beat American films with a film produced in Germany, led straight to a glorification of Bolshevism.”(p. 91-2) Thus, Kriegk, as in all his previous political writings, connects Jews with the threat of Communism and sexual degeneracy. Hollywood’s initial victory over UFA and the Berlin film industry was complete with the Parufamet contract of 1925. Further help, according to Kriegk, was given by the Jewish Berlin publishing houses of Mosse and Ullstein, which were allegedly allied with American banks.

*Metropolis* (1927, Fritz Lang) Kriegk illustration

*The Blue Angel* (1930, Josef von Sternberg) Kriegk

In 1927, the Hugenberg Group came to Ufa’s rescue, installing Ludwig Klitsch as Chairman of Ufa’s Board, infusing massive amounts of capital, and sending Klitsch to New York to renegotiate the Parufamet contract. Meanwhile, sound films had arrived. America forced Germany to show The Singing Fool, starring “der Neger Al Johnson” (sic). The Ufa fought back with state-of-the-art sound film studios, defended itself against a successful sound film patent war, but then the Depression hit. According to Kriegk, liberating German cinema from Jewish influence was not possible through private means alone, given that 70% of film production in 1932 was in Jewish hands. Those Jewish interests, allied with left-wing critics, continuously attacked the Ufa. The Blue Angel (1930) and The Congress Dances (1931) are identified as successful German counterattacks, but fail to mention that both films were produced by Jewish film crews. Indeed, contradictions and illogical conclusions abound.

*Morgenrot/Dawn* (1933, Gustav Ucicky) Kriegk

*Unternehmen Michael* (1937, Karl Ritter) Kriegk

After the Nazis took power, the goal was to purge the industry of Jews and eliminate (Jewish) “industry business practices” (p.183) whose goal was speculation, rather than uplifting German culture. Kriegk quotes a 1935 Goebbels speech extensively, listing proscriptive formulas for German cinema, then sings the praises of such Ufa films, as Hitlerjunge Quex (1933), while attacking an unnamed American gangster film for including “everything a Jewish political dictatorship needs to stupefy the masses”(p. 224), as well as “bolshevist” Russian films. Ironically, while dedicating space to Ufa’s successful nationalist productions, including new color films – Jew Süß is only mentioned once in a list of other titles – Kriegk literally spills considerably more ink on the Moscow-New York-Hollywood Jewish conspiracy to destroy German cinema, maybe because he is unable to discuss their dubious aesthetic merits. If you want to know about Ufa’s real history, read the late Klaus Kreimeier’s excellent The Ufa Story (1999).